HbA1c Test and Diabetic

Diabetics know all about blood sugar checks. Many diabetics have to check their blood sugar several times daily, especially Type 1 diabetics. 

In recent years, a test has been introduced that can check the average of blood sugar levels over a few weeks or even months. The Hemoglobin A1c or HbA1c Test looks for glycated hemoglobin. This is produced when hemoglobin in the red blood cells pick up the glucose in the blood (glycated). The glucose hangs around for a while so when doctors measure this test, they can get a bigger picture of how you are doing with your diabetes treatment.

The HbA1c is also referred to as the "A1c" and if the numbers with this test is higher than before, your treatment may need to be adjusted and you are at higher risk of long-term complications. Read on for more information about this test.

What Is HbA1c Test?

An HbA1c test helps doctors see how well diabetes treatment plans are working for their patients. Doctors can also use it as a screening exam to check for diabetes. You may have also heard it called by the names: hemoglobin A1c, A1c or glycohemoglobin A1c.

The doctor can look at this test and see what your blood sugar levels have average over the last few months. This is because hemoglobin in red blood cells pick up glucose and it tends to stay within the hemoglobin cells for a while. The higher the blood sugar/glucose level, the more glucose the hemoglobin absorbs. When this happens, the HbA1c reads high and the doctor will know that the blood sugar levels have been high over the last few months.

The doctor will need to re-evaluate the treatment plan and possibly send you to a diabetic educator. This is done to prevent complications from high blood sugars over a long period of time. These include:

• Eye damage/disease
• Heart disease
• Stroke
• Damage to nerves
• Damage to small blood vessels

When & How Often Should You Take HbA1c Test?

When you are first diagnosed with diabetes, the doctor will initially run your first HbA1c Test to see where you are at. The American Diabetes Association recommends, "If glucose levels are stable, then HbA1c testing can be done twice yearly." If your blood sugar levels are not stable it is recommended for your doctor to run the test quarterly until your levels stabilize.

Using this test can help your doctor see if your current treatment plan is working or not. When the doctor works with the HbA1c numbers, research shows that the risk of long-term complications is drastically reduced.

What Is a Normal Reading for HbA1c Test?

The normal reading for an HbA1c test is between 4 and 5.6. Here is the breakdown of the ranges used to diagnose and monitor diabetes:

• 4 to 5.6 – Healthy, no diabetes and minimal risk for getting diabetes
• 5.7 to 6.4 – Pre-diabetes/high risk for future diabetes
• 6.5 or higher – Diagnosis of diabetes and higher numbers mean your diabetes needs careful monitoring

Limitations

The HbA1c cannot help monitor daily blood sugar levels since they are an average of a few months. This also means that the test cannot monitor the fluctuations during the day and the differences from night to morning and vice-versa.

There are some health conditions that can show false elevated HbA1c levels and this must be taken into consideration. These include kidney disease, alcoholism, high triglycerides in the blood. If you suffer from sickle cell, thalassemia or have blood loss your A1c may show lower numbers.

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Recognizing Diabetes Symptoms in Men

What Is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose (sugar) levels are too high. The definition of the disease is simple, but the potential health consequences are complex and often serious. Diabetes raises the risk of cardiovascular disease. It can also cause problems with your eyes, skin, kidneys, and nervous system. For men, erectile dysfunction (ED) and other urological problems are also associated with diabetes.

Fortunately, many of these complications are preventable or treatable. The key is awareness and taking charge of your health.

Diabetes and Sexual Dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection. It can be a symptom of many health issues. These include high blood pressure, stress, smoking, medication side effects, and kidney disease. It can also be caused by conditions related to the circulatory and nervous systems.

If you start to experience ED, consider the possibility of diabetes. According to the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse, men with diabetes are at risk for ED. Though estimates vary, the organization says 20 to 75 percent of men with diabetes have erectile dysfunction.

Diabetes may lead to sexual problems because it can harm the body’s autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS controls the widening or constricting of your blood vessels. If the blood vessels and nerves in the penis are injured by diabetes, the result can be ED.

Another diabetes-related urological problem men face is a condition called retrograde ejaculation. The condition results in some semen being released into the bladder. Symptoms may include noticeably less semen produced during ejaculation.

Sexual problems can be uncomfortable to talk about. A frank conversation with your doctor about ED and other symptoms is essential. Simple blood tests can help diagnose diabetes. Investigating the cause of your ED could lead you to discover other un-diagnosed problems, too.

Prevention and Treatment

The best way to prevent urological and other diabetes-related problems is to keep you blood glucose levels under control. Treatments include medications, exercise, and a proper diet. Erectile dysfunction medications, such as tadalafil (Cialis), vardenafil (Levitra) and sildenafil (Viagra) may treat your ED.

To avoid any potentially harmful drug interactions, discuss all medications and supplements with your doctor.

Talk to doctor, don't be shame

Sometimes, conditions such as diabetes or heart disease can lead to emotional problems like anxiety or depression. These can worsen your ED, as well as other aspects of your health. Speak with your doctor if you start to experience feelings of hopelessness, sadness, anxiety, or worry. If you develop new eating and sleeping behaviors, share those new symptoms with your doctor. By treating the mind, you may help the problems affecting the rest of your body.

Other Symptoms

Some diabetes symptoms are common to both men and women. For example, a variety of skin problems may be among the first signs of diabetes.

Poor circulation caused by diabetes may cause itching in the lower legs and feet. Having diabetes also makes you more vulnerable to bacterial and fungal skin infections. Practice good skin care and see a dermatologist when skin problems arise.

Nerve damage affects about half of those with diabetes, according to the American Diabetes Association. When nerves are damaged by diabetes, it’s called diabetic neuropathy. In autonomic neuropathy, you experience damage to nerves that control basic functions, such as circulation and respiration. In peripheral neuropathy, you experience tingling or pain in the hands or feet. If you have these feelings, or experience numbness in your hands or feet, tell your doctor. Treating diabetic neuropathy as early as possible may limit the extent of the damage.

Notes

Men are slightly more likely than women to develop diabetes, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diabetes is a growing problem in the United States for many demographics, including children. The rise in obesity may shoulder much of the blame.

If you have elevated blood sugar and are at risk for type 2 diabetes, you might be able to prevent it. Even if you develop diabetes, you can still live well. With healthy behaviors and proper medication use, you might be able to prevent or manage complications of the diabetes.

Being proactive is vital. If you can’t remember the last time you had your blood glucose checked, get a blood test soon. This especially important if you’re starting to experience ED or other well-known diabetes symptoms.

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Can Onions Lower My Cholesterol?

Onions are known for their culinary benefits, but they may also benefit your health. Research indicates that onions may even help improve cholesterol levels.

What the Research Says

Onions are strong in flavor and high in polyphenolic compounds called flavonoids. Flavonoids may have:

• Anti-inflammatory abilities 
• Antioxidants 
• Anticancer abilities 
• Antiproliferative abilities, or the ability to stop cell growth 

Studies also suggest that onions may help improve cholesterol levels.

In one study, flavonoids in onions reduced the low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or “bad” cholesterol in obese people at risk of cardiovascular disease. The researchers attributed this to the specific flavonoid quercetin, an antioxidant found in onions and other fruits and vegetables. High-density lipoprotein (HDL), or “good” cholesterol, levels were not affected.

Another study looked at the effect of onion extract on cholesterol in rats. The researchers noted a significant decrease in cholesterol levels, though triglyceride levels remained unchanged. Some of the rats were given onion extract and zinc sulfate, while others were only given onion extract or zinc sulfate. Better results were seen among the rats that were given a combination of onion extract and zinc sulfate.

Red onions may also benefit cholesterol levels. In a study published in Food and Function, male hamsters were fed a high-cholesterol diet. Some of the rats’ diet was supplemented with red onion powder. The rats that received the red onion powder experienced lower LDL cholesterol levels and maintained high HDL cholesterol levels. The research was the first of its kind to use red onions.

Onions, Diabetes, and Cholesterol

People with diabetes have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke. Diabetes often lowers HDL cholesterol, and raises LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. It’s important for people with diabetes to keep their cholesterol in check.

One study examined the effects of combining the diabetes drug metformin (Glumetza, Glucophage, Fortamet, Riomet) and onion extract. Rats with diabetes were given this combination. Researchers saw a reduction in blood glucose and total cholesterol levels. Despite the encouraging results, researchers are unsure how onion extract helps reduce cholesterol levels and why it increased hunger and feeding in rats without diabetes. Many of the studies have also only examined the effects of onion on cholesterol in animals. There have been limited studies in humans. More research is needed.

Raw vs. Cooked 

Most of the research on onions has been done using raw onions or concentrated onion extracts. It’s unclear how the nutrients in onions are impacted when onions are cooked over high heat.

Quercetin levels aren’t altered when onions are simmered. Instead, this antioxidant is transferred into the cooking water or other liquid. As a result, it may be best to consume onions raw, cook them in a liquid, or sauté them over low heat.

Flavonoids are highest in the outer layers of an onion. To retain as many nutrients as possible, be careful to only peel the onion’s thin, papery layer and leave its fleshy layers intact.

Nutrition

When it comes to nutrition, not all onions are created equal. A study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry compared the nutrient value of 10 varieties of onions. Among the varieties tested, shallots were found to contain the highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The Western yellow onion topped the list for highest flavonoid content.

Precautions

Most people tolerate onions well when consumed in small amounts. Although rare, some people may have an allergic reaction to onions. Some drugs may also interact with onions. You should use caution if you take any of the following medications:

• aspirin
• lithium
• antidiabetes drugs
• anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs
• medications that affect the liver, such as acetaminophen, chlorzoxazone, ethanol, theophylline, and some anesthetics

Talk to your doctor if you take any of these drugs on a regular basis.

The next time you cut an onion, smile through your tears, because you’ll be doing something positive for your health.

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What causes Hyperventilation?

What Is Hyperventilation?

Hyperventilation is a condition in which you suddenly start to breathe very quickly. Healthy breathing occurs with a healthy balance between breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide. You upset this balance when you hyperventilate by exhaling more than you inhale. This causes a rapid reduction in carbon dioxide in the body.

Low carbon dioxide levels eventually lead to narrowing of the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain. This reduction in blood supply to the brain leads to symptoms like lightheadedness and tingling in the fingers. Severe hyperventilation can lead to loss of consciousness.

For some people, hyperventilation is rare, and only occurs as an occasional, panicked response to fear, stress, or a phobia. For others, this condition occurs regularly as a typical response to emotional states, such as depression, anxiety, or anger. When hyperventilation is a frequent occurrence, it’s known as hyperventilation syndrome.

Hyperventilation is also known as: 

• rapid (or fast) deep breathing 
• over breathing 
• respiratory rate (or breathing) — rapid and deep

Common Causes of Hyperventilation

There are many factors that can lead to hyperventilation. This condition most commonly results from anxiety, panic, nervousness, or stress. It often takes the form of a panic attack.

Other causes include: 

• bleeding 
• the use of stimulants 
• drug overdose (aspirin overdose, for example) 
• severe pain 
• pregnancy 
• an infection in the lungs 
• lung diseases, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 
• heart conditions, such as a heart attack 
• diabetic ketoacidosis (a complication of high blood sugar in people with type 1 diabetes) Hyperventilation can also occur because of problems caused by asthma or emphysema or after a head injury. Some women experience problems with hyperventilation during pregnancy. Hyperventilation can occur in some people when traveling to elevations over 6,000 feet as well.

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Can Smoking Cigarettes Cause Impotence?

Erectile dysfunction (ED), also called impotence, can be caused by a wide range of physical and psychological factors. Among them is cigarette smoking. It’s not surprising since smoking can damage your blood vessels, and ED is often a result of poor arterial blood supply to the penis. Fortunately, if you quit smoking, your vascular health is likely to improve, as well as your sexual health and performance.

Smoking and Your Blood Vessels

You’ve probably heard a lot about the health risks of smoking. That’s because cigarette smoking can damage just about every part of your body. The chemicals in cigarette smoke injure the lining of your blood vessels and affect the way they function. Those chemicals can also harm your heart, brain, kidneys, and various other tissues throughout the body.

The risk of smoking to your erectile health is specifically due to the effects of cigarette chemicals on the blood vessels in the penis. An erection results when the arteries in the penis expand and fill with blood after receiving signals from nerves in the penis. The nerves are responding to sexual arousal signals from the brain. Even if the nervous system is operating at full strength, an erection might not be physically possible if the blood vessels are unhealthy due to smoking.

What Does the Research Show?

While ED tends to be more common as men get older, it can develop at any adult age. A 2005 study in the American Journal of Epidemiology suggests that ED is not only more likely among men who smoked compared to those who never did, but that in younger men with ED, cigarette smoking is very likely the cause of their impotence.

If you are a heavy smoker, research suggests the odds of developing ED are much higher. However, quitting smoking can improve ED symptoms. Be aware that your age, the severity of your ED prior to quitting smoking, and other major health problems may reduce the degree to which healthy erectile function can return. 

Getting Help

While ED can be an awkward subject to discuss with your partner or a healthcare provider, the sooner you deal with the issue, the sooner you’ll find a solution. If you don’t have a primary care doctor, but you want to discuss ED with a physician, make an appointment with a urologist or men’s health specialist. ED is a very common health problem, so you shouldn’t feel self-conscious. You may, however, be advised that one of the things you should do soon is quit smoking.

If you’ve tried to quit smoking and been unsuccessful, never assume that quitting is beyond your reach. You should get help and take a new approach this time. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute recommends the following steps to help you quit smoking: 

• Make a list of the reasons you want to quit and why your earlier attempts to quit were unsuccessful. 
• Pay attention to your smoking triggers, such as drinking alcohol or coffee. 
• Get support from family and friends. It’s okay to admit that you need assistance in overcoming a powerful addiction like smoking. 
• Talk with your doctor about prescription and over-the-counter medications designed to help smokers kick the habit. If a particular medication seems like a good and safe choice, follow the medication’s instructions precisely. 
• Find new alternatives to smoking and activities that can distract you from cigarette cravings, such as exercise or hobbies to occupy your hands and your mind. 
• Be prepared for cravings and setbacks. Just because you slip up one day and have a cigarette doesn’t mean you can’t get back on track and be ultimately successful.

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What causes Dizziness?

Dizziness is the feeling of being lightheaded, woozy, or unbalanced. It affects the sensory organs, specifically eyes and ears. It can cause fainting. Dizziness is not a disease but a symptom of other disorders.

Vertigo and disequilibrium may cause a feeling of dizziness, but those two terms describe different symptoms. Vertigo is characterized by a feeling of spinning. Disequilibrium is a loss of balance or equilibrium. True dizziness is the feeling of light-headedness or nearly fainting.

Dizziness is very common. The underlying cause of dizziness is usually not serious. Occasional dizziness is nothing to worry about.

Seek medical attention if you have recurring bouts of dizziness with no apparent cause. Also seek immediate help if you experience sudden dizziness along with a head injury, a headache, neck ache, blurred vision, hearing loss, a loss of motor ability, a loss of consciousness, or chest pain. These could indicate serious issues.

What Causes Dizziness?

Common causes of dizziness include inner-ear disorders, medications, and alcohol.

Dizziness is often a result of vertigo. It can also be caused by a problem in the inner ear, where balance is regulated. The most common cause of vertigo and vertigo-related dizziness is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). This causes short-term dizziness when a person changes positions quickly—for instance, when sitting up in bed.

Dizziness and vertigo can also be caused by Meniere’s disease (which causes fluid buildup in the ear), migraine, or acoustic neuroma, a benign growth on the nerve connecting the inner ear to the brain. Very rarely, vertigo could be caused by a stroke, brain hemorrhage, multiple sclerosis, or another neurological disorder.

Other causes of dizziness include: 

• sudden drop in blood pressure, as may occur upon standing suddenly 
• heart muscle disease 
• decrease in blood volume 
• neurological conditions 
• side effect from medications 
• anxiety disorders 
• anemia (low iron) 
• hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) 
• ear infection 
• dehydration 
• heat stroke 
• excessive exercise 
• motion sickness 

What Are the Symptoms of Dizziness?

Symptoms of dizziness include: 

• lightheadedness 
• vertigo (spinning motion) 
• unsteadiness 
• loss of balance 
• sensation of floating or swimming 
• heavy-headedness 
• spaciness 

Sometimes dizziness is accompanied by clamminess, nausea, vomiting, paleness, or losing consciousness.

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What Is Endometriosis?

Endometriosis is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the inside of the uterus — called the endometrium — grows outside of the uterus.

The most common places for endometriosis to occur are the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, bowel, and outside walls of the uterus. Some women with endometriosis experience no symptoms, while others experience pelvic pain or difficulty getting pregnant.

There's no cure for endometriosis, but several treatment options may help reduce pain or increase your chances of getting pregnant.

Endometriosis Prevalence

It's difficult to know for sure how many women have endometriosis, because some women have no symptoms.

Endometriosis is most common in women in their thirties and forties, but can happen in any woman who menstruates or has a period.

Causes and Risk Factors for Endometriosis

The exact causes of endometriosis aren't known. Experts believe the condition is probably due to a combination of factors.

Some of these factors may include:

Genetics: Endometriosis runs in families. Your risk of endometriosis is about six times higher if your mother or sister had endometriosis.

Hormones: The hormone estrogen seems to promote endometriosis.

Menstrual period problems: Some women experience "retrograde menstrual flow," or backward period flow, in which some of the tissue shed during a period flows backward through the Fallopian tubes and into the pelvis.

Environmental exposure: Certain industrial chemicals and pesticides have been shown to mimic hormones. Exposure to these compounds before birth has been linked to a higher risk of endometriosis later in life.

Other factors that may increase your risk of endometriosis include: 

• Starting your menstrual period at an early age (before 11) 
• Short monthly menstrual cycles (less than 27 days) 
• Heavy menstrual periods that last more than seven days 
• Nulliparity (no bearing of children) 

Endometriosis and Pregnancy

• Endometriosis can cause problems getting pregnant.
• Almost 40 percent of women with infertility issues have endometriosis, according to ACOG.
• Inflammation from endometriosis can damage the eggs and interfere with the movement of eggs and sperm.
• In some women, scar tissue from endometriosis can block the Fallopian tubes (the tubes connecting the ovaries and the uterus).

Nonetheless, it’s still possible to get pregnant with endometriosis. Hormone treatments or surgery to remove some of the endometriosis tissue may help.

Other Endometriosis Complications

Some women with endometriosis experience severe pelvic pain that can interfere with everyday activities.

Several treatments are available to help reduce pain in women with endometriosis.

A number of other health conditions seem more common in women with endometriosis, but researchers are not quite sure how (or whether) these health problems are linked to endometriosis.

These conditions include:

• Allergies and asthma 
• Autoimmune diseases (in which the body's immune system attacks itself), including multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus, and some forms of hypothyroidism 
• Chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia 
• Certain cancers, including ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (a type of blood cancer) 

Sources 

1. Levy, B. S. (2015). "Patient Information: Endometriosis (Beyond The Basics)." UpToDate. 
2. Endometriosis FAQ; American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 
3. What is endometriosis? Office on Women's Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

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6 Question about Water Consumption

You can go without food for days, weeks and even months, but going without water for just one day can negatively impact your health.

The importance of  water in our daily life

We all lose water throughout the day—when we sweating, urinating, bowel movements even when we are breathing. If you live in a hot climate for example Malaysia, you lose even more. We need to replace this lost fluid to stay healthy. Water keeps every part of our body to work properly. It helps our body to flush wastes and to stay at the right temperature. It even helps to prevent kidney stones and constipation.

Replenish water after exercises

If you don't get enough water, you could become dehydrated. The more liquid in the body that is lost, the thicker the blood becomes and the harder the heart muscle must work to pump the blood through the circulatory system. When a person loses their abilities to reason and think straight because of dehydration it means they will die very soon, unless they drink water to rehydrate. Depending on the circumstances, mainly environment, a person can die within 24 to 28 hours after having no water if they are labouring under the hot dry sun with no water. This is very dangerous and can be fatal.

How much water do we need to drink every day?

A common recommendation is to drink at least 8 glasses of water every day. But some adults may need more or less, depending on how healthy they are, how much they exercise, and how hot and dry the climate is. For chronic kidney disease patient or having water retention problem please consult your doctor first.

Your choice of water?

You may sometimes need to drink more water than usual if you:

• Exercise intensely, especially in a hot climate.
• Are sick, such as with the flu, or have a health problem like a urinary tract infection.
• Are pregnant or breast-feeding.

When you are sick, you need more water

Drink only water to stay hydrated?

All liquids except alcohols help you stay hydrated. Water is usually the best choice, because it's free and with no added sugar or calories. But most healthy people can get enough fluid through the beverages they consume every day. These can include water, fruit juices, coffee, sodas, iced tea, and other drinks.

Experts say that it's not true that beverages that have caffeine—such as coffee, tea, and cola drinks—always dehydrate you. Healthy people who consume moderate amounts of caffeine don't lose more fluid than people who don't have any caffeine. A moderate amount of caffeine is about 200 to 300 milligrams a day. That's about two to four 8-ounce cups of coffee.

Good choice especially when serving cold

You also get water through food consumption. Some fruits and vegetables contain a lot of water, such as watermelon and lettuce.

How can you tell if you are drinking enough water?

The easiest way to know if you're drinking enough water is by looking at the colour of your urine. If you're drinking enough water, the colour of your urine should be clear or pale yellow. A darker yellow means you aren't drinking enough water.

Look at the colour of your urine

People who drink enough water also usually have soft bowel movements. Hard bowel movements or constipation can be signs that you aren't getting enough water.

If you have any health problems, always talk to your doctor before increasing the amount of water you drink. You may need to limit your fluids if you have certain health concerns, such as kidney problems or heart failure.

Having Too Much of Water?

It can be dangerous to drink too much water. But it's rare that anyone drinks too much water. The risk is highest for people who do endurance sports, such as running marathons.

Too much water is dangerous because it would dilute the amount of sodium in your body. This imbalance could cause serious problems, such as confusion, seizures, and coma.

Experts advise athletes who do intense activity to drink a sports drink that contains sodium, other electrolytes, and some sugar. Most people don't need sports drinks if they are exercising for less than an hour in moderate temperatures. Plain water is fine.

Good choice of drink after exercise

But experts do recommend sports drinks if you're playing sports or doing other intense physical activity for more than an hour.

What are some easy ways to get more water during the day?

• Drink a glass of water when you get up in the morning, before you have coffee or tea.
• Keep a cup or water bottle by your desk at work. Take several sips of water each hour. If you don't have a desk job, carry a container of water with you, and take sips throughout the day.
• Take a sip whenever you pass a drinking fountain.
• If you get tired of drinking plain water, add a packet of sugarless flavouring to your water. Or put a slice of lemon or lime in plain or sparkling water.

Replenish your body fluid

Is bottled water better than tap water?

No. A lot of plain bottled water is just tap water that has been purified. It's your choice how you want to drink water. If you like bubbly mineral water, drink that. If you like the idea of vitamins and electrolytes in your water, you can find several varieties of enhanced water at the store. If you don't like the taste of your tap water, or if you just want to be extra careful, you can purify tap water at home. Water filters are available in many stores.

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